Email required. Please note: comment moderation is enabled and may delay your comment. There is no need to resubmit your comment. Notify me of followup comments via e-mail. Written by : zahra ali khan. JSTOR, www. Zalta ed. User assumes all risk of use, damage, or injury. You agree that we have no liability for any damages. Definition of Absolutism : The term Absolutism finds its roots in the works of famous political philosopher Jean Bodin later Thomas Hobbes built on the arguments of Jean Bodin.
Characteristics of Absolutism : There are certain characteristics implicated by absolutism: The monarch gets the hold of cultural life of people and impose censorship on the expression of arts or any other expression that poses a threat to their rule.
The king exhibits his pomp and power by luxurious life style. The sovereign is responsible to look what goes best in the interest of the state as they have the divine right to rule and choose the best for the subject. In any absolutist state, crown and aristocracy shared in the benefits of power Black Example of Absolutism : From fifteenth century to eighteenth century Absolutists states were prevalent in the Europe until their power was dissolved.
Constitutionalism: Definition of Constitutionalism : The conceptual basis of constitutionalism finds its basis from the political theories of John Locke where he questioned the unlimited power of the sovereign. Characteristics of Constitutionalism : Constitutionalism possess certain characteristics some of them are given below: Constitutionalism ensures check and balance on the government through a specific set of values, norms and a certain structure.
The state is governed by the rule of law. The idea of Divine Right and the power of the Czars was so deeply relevant in their history and culture that it took a long time for absolutism to be abolished. However, an Absolute Monarchy does not exist anymore, but the format of a Monarchy still remains. With a Constitutional Monarchy, an elected or hereditary Monarch is the head of state not a sole source of power.
There is a also Government that works along with the Queen or King. A majority of Constitutional Monarchies have a parliamentary system where the Monarch is the head of state, but there is a Prime Minister as head of Government. To be clear - even though it is called a Limited Monarchy the Monarch still has power; they are the head of the executive branch. Looking back into history, the first official Constitutional Monarchy were the Hittites - ancient Anatolian people alive amidst the Bronze Age.
Their king or queen was required to apportion their power with the Panku, which was an assembly. This Panku could easily be compared to a legislature today. Different kinds of noble families made up this assembly. Direct Democracy is where the citizens are included in the decisions the Government makes, but the Government is still in charge.
Sometimes, this term can be used for electing representatives in a direct vote as opposed to voting for an electing body, Electoral College, etc. There are many forms of Direct Democracy, and most are based around the popular vote of a political decision. Mandatory Referendums are held only when a referendum vote is required by law, like constitutions. Referendums of Government Authorities are where a president, cabinet, or legislature decides to take a popular vote on an issue.
In history, the Athens were one of the first to use Direct Democracy. Decisions were made by groups of around 1, male citizens. As history went on, Swiss towns and some town meetings in early American colonies and states used it. In , the Petition of Right was passed which prohibited the king from infringing on specific liberties of the people. The king could not:. In , a year later, Charles dissolved Parliament and did not call it back into session.
He violated the Petition of Right by imposing many taxes on the English people. At this point he is the monarch in an absolute monarchy, but because his popularity was so low he would not stay in a position of power for very long.
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