Although through a kaleidoscope of ultimate subjectivity, with the assumption that liberal democracy is the paradigm, such interventionism has arguably had positive effects on the modern world. It would be jejune to simply highlight the cataclysm that was the Vietnam War, spanning three decades.
Accordingly, it is important to understand the context of all American involvements. It has defeated Communism and Nazism and has intervened against the Taliban and Serbian ethnic cleansing. The Soviet Union is no more.
This condemnation was also a necessity to exert American influence at its fullest. Peace would be established by reordering the world according to a new socially engineered design. Contemporary West Germany, Japan, and South Korea are all testament to the American capacity to re-invent and stabilize nations. While American imperialism has had positive effects, it would be quixotic to assume that the American agenda and the effects of interventionism have been wholly beneficial and successful.
This is due to excessive entanglement in areas of entrenched tribal conflicts, such as in Afghanistan and Iraq. What are the lasting effects of imperialism? What are the effects of American imperialism? What are 2 negative effects of imperialism?
Did imperialism have more positive or negative effects? What was the most common negative effect of imperialism? What were some negative effects of imperialism on Africa? What were the main causes of imperialism?
How does imperialism affect the economy? What are the reasons for the success of imperialism in China? How did Britain benefit from imperialism? What were the consequences of imperialism in Japan and China?
What was the most significant way in which imperialism affect Japan? How did Western imperialism impact China? How did Japanese imperialism affect Korea? Do Koreans hate Japanese? An in-person celebration well worth the wait, students wore their custom red T-shirts and plastic foam skimmer hats while waving their canes, as Penn President Amy Gutmann declared them officially seniors on College Green. Power of Pennovation Works.
Pennovation Works offer sessions on campus supporting research and development, as well as startup growth through a mix of programmatic, community, and facility resources. Reign of Terror. In many countries of the Third World these processes will not have reached the same degree.
Here you will still be aware of the immense numbers of small traders, often selling the same goods but in a huge variety. The pressure on the Western companies to expand abroad is huge. In most cases the opportunities for expansion in their home country have reached saturation. If they are to maintain their profits they need to expand abroad.
This point too needs no emphasise. Capitalism involves the constant search for new markets in order to develop new profits. The end of Apartheid in South Africa is a recent example of this process in action.
Huge monopolies, gold and diamond businesses, and power had been built up behind the tariff walls created by the Apartheid system. The market for their products was saturated and, without altering the distribution of resources and enriching the local people, these companies had nowhere to go. They needed to break down the walls surrounding them, which were the result of a world boycott of their products.
They wanted to be world companies, not just South African ones, and to achieve this the white monopoly power was broken. All companies expanding outside their national boundaries remember the Soviet era and fear that their assets may be nationalised. They have looked for protection to the major institutions already mentioned, the IMF and the World Bank for instance. First, the IMF needs to prise open the borders of the country to allow in new investment without hindrance; once there, businesses need protection from nationalisation; and finally they need the freedom to export their profits without undue taxation, as well as the freedom to remove themselves whenever they wish.
Wherever they have a foothold, international banks and car companies will appeal to the instincts of acquisition and greed, whatever the sensibilities of the religion of the countries concerned. Today the US aggressively supports the worldwide expansion of all its major transactional companies.
Capitalist and global accumulation of capital is at the very core of the Imperial globalisation. Without understanding this process, which sucks up surplus wealth wherever it goes, increasing the wealth of the elites, but leaving an ever-increasing impoverishment of all those left out of the process. The facts are plain to see: by itself, development through transnational corporations is not the answer to growth and development.
As discussed earlier, the accumulation of capital has certain fundamental global requirements. The first one to be outlined here is the system of world finance. First the pound sterling and now the US dollar have dominated our world trading system which stands both as the symbol and the actuality of hegemonic control. It is not complicated and has to be clearly understood by all those who read this short treatise. In its essence, a sterling note was exchangeable for a given weight of gold.
What matters is that the Bank of England stood surety behind everyone who traded in sterling. What this meant was that the Bank of England needed to hold sufficient gold reserves so that in a crisis it could always have enough reserves to maintain confidence in sterling. This entire edifice came tumbling down during the —18 war. And, although the British Exchequer tried very hard to return to the gold standard in the s, Britain had been toppled from her dominant position. The war had weakened her for all time in terms of Imperial ambition.
Military overreach had destroyed in such a short time what had once been an unassailable position. The US overtly took over as the world financier at the Bretton Woods agreement in Very simply, the US dollar was now fixed to a certain weight of gold.
This system was adopted by all the countries in the world as the system of financial control. Floating meant that demand and supply simply decided the value of one currency against another.
The US dollar, not surprisingly, remained supreme. But the US no longer needed gold in its central bank in New York, and that meant that, for the first time in world affairs, it did not need to balance its outgoings and income of money. Most other countries, of course, had to balance their payments between exports and imports, and if they did not they were forced to borrow with very unattractive terms.
The US could now spend abroad much more that it earned from its exports. In fact, it could now afford to go to war with any country thanks to the dollars that that country and other countries had spent in payments for US imported goods. We are all paying for American excesses abroad.
A quite extraordinary system, and it may be the Achilles heel of the present US Empire. The system of finance on a global scale is, unsurprisingly, organised in the interests of the major power of the day.
At the beginning of the twenty-first century we have a deeply unstable situation whereby the US alone is able to import vastly more than it exports and to consume therefore much more than it produces. Some superficial observers argue that this is a major benefit as it allows weaker economies to import into the US economy more than would otherwise be possible. These arguments assume that the system of world finance will be forever as it stands now. But as we have seen it will not always be so.
Should, for instance, China, or a group of countries, decide to trade in their own currency, they would sell their US Treasury Bonds and create immediate chaos in the US economy, and thereby possibly bring the whole edifice down. Such ideas are being considered as I write.
Trade and overseas investment are key planks of the Imperial pantheon; the foundation stones of Capitalist accumulation on a world scale. Dominant Imperial countries have always argued that free trade is in the interest of all and, within their powers, have imposed these ideas on more vulnerable economies.
Readers of this paper will not be surprised to hear that my opinion is that these arguments are false, and are known to be false. Yet the most powerful institutions today are putting these arguments forward. All the major powers today have developed their industrial power base behind tariff walls, without exception. The Japanese cut themselves off from the world of trade and Imperial powers in the s for forty years, the Americans had the advantage of developing their industries at home because of the cost of transport across the Atlantic and did not open their borders to free trade until , the Germans consciously protected themselves after unification in the s, and so on.
The Germans and Americans had their own theorists, Frederick List and Daniel Raymond, arguing at the time for protective barriers. The arguments are openly two-faced. Both the EU and the US have failed to move into free trade on farm goods, while many weaker economies have been forced down this road.
These institutions have power behind them. Once a country gets into difficulties with their balance of payments, their lending policies depend on opening up the weaker countries to free trade. The evidence is striking. The argument goes like this: if you open your economy to free trade it will grow.
In the s and s when most countries still had many forms of protectionism, the world economy grew by 3 per cent, and all the regions of the world grew by 2 to 3 per cent. By the s and s when the free trade policies began to hit, world growth had dropped overall to 2 per cent and the weaker regions of the world were dropping behind even further.
Latin America was growing at 0. Free trade was catastrophic for many of the weaker countries and regions of the world. The free trade argument will be with us for long years yet to come. The arguments are of worldwide importance. Not surprisingly, over the last twenty-five years the most successful country in terms of regular annual growth has been China. And equally not surprisingly, China has had a positive balance of payments, and therefore has not been pressurised to open its borders and has not followed the maxims of the great Imperial powers of the day.
You will notice that at the beginning of this document there is a copyright notice that gives me, the writer, ownership of the document, which I then give permission to others to print and sell or give away. Writers have long been recognised in a patent law worldwide.
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